See pluma on Wiktionary
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],
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"A feather."
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[
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[
"feather",
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"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology, archaic) A feather."
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{
"word": "filopluma"
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[
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"plume",
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{
"ipa": "/ˈpluma/"
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{
"ipa": "[ˈplu.ma]"
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{
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[
"plumer",
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"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-pluma.wav",
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"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pruma"
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"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pruma",
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"plu",
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{
"categories": [
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[
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"glosses": [
"plume (large and showy feather)"
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[
"plume",
"plume"
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"feminine"
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],
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{
"ipa": "/ˈpluma/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈplu.mɐ]"
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{
"rhymes": "-uma"
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
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{
"args": {
"1": "ia",
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"expansion": "Spanish pluma",
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"args": {
"1": "ia",
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"expansion": "Portuguese pluma",
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"expansion": "French plume",
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"expansion": "English plume",
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"expansion": "Italian piùma",
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"3": "plūma",
"t": "feather"
},
"expansion": "Latin plūma (“feather”)",
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}
],
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{
"form": "plumas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
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"args": {
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"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
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"2": ":bor",
"3": "enm:plomme<t:plume>"
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"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"plume\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"plum\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Anatolian\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-ana\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"προῦμνον\", \"gloss\" : \"plum\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"prūnum\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Vulgar Latin\", \"term\" : \"*prūma\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la-vul\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*plūmā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"plūme\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"plomme\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Irish\", \"term\" : \"pluma\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ga\" }\" data-lang=\"ga\" data-title=\"pluma\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "enm",
"3": "plomme",
"t": "plum"
},
"expansion": "Middle English plomme (“plum”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "ang",
"3": "plūme"
},
"expansion": "Old English plūme",
"name": "der"
},
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"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*plūmā"
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"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *plūmā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "la",
"3": "prūnum"
},
"expansion": "Latin prūnum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "grc",
"3": "προῦμνον"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek προῦμνον (proûmnon)",
"name": "der"
},
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"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "ine-ana"
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"expansion": "Anatolian",
"name": "der"
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"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "prúna"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of prúna",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English plomme (“plum”), from Old English plūme, from Proto-West Germanic *plūmā, from Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦμνον (proûmnon), from an Anatolian language. Doublet of prúna.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pluma",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumaí",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
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"args": {
"1": "ga",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
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"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "pluma",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"altform": "",
"cat2": "",
"f1request": "1",
"f4request": "1",
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"g3": "",
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"expansion": "pluma m (genitive singular pluma, nominative plural plumaí)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "~",
"3": "~í"
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"expansion": "pluma m (genitive singular pluma, nominative plural plumaí)",
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],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "67 33",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ga",
"name": "Fruits",
"orig": "ga:Fruits",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "78 22",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ga",
"name": "Stone fruits",
"orig": "ga:Stone fruits",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "plum-tree",
"translation": "plum-tree",
"word": "crann plumaí"
},
{
"english": "date-plum, persimmon",
"translation": "date-plum, persimmon",
"word": "dátphluma"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plum"
],
"id": "en-pluma-ga-noun-BGclVpUI",
"links": [
[
"plum",
"plum"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpˠl̪ˠumˠə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpˠlˠumˠə/"
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
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"args": {
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"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "en",
"3": "plumb"
},
"expansion": "English plumb",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "fro",
"3": "*plombe"
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"expansion": "Old French *plombe",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "la",
"3": "plumba"
},
"expansion": "Latin plumba",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English plumb, from Old French *plombe, from Latin plumba, plural of plumbum.",
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{
"form": "pluma",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
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"plural"
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"form": "declension-4",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-box-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
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},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
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},
{
"form": "pluma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "a phluma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "a phlumaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pluma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pluma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plumaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an pluma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "na plumaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "an phluma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "na bplumaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "leis an bpluma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "don phluma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "leis na plumaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pluma",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "phluma",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"lenition"
]
},
{
"form": "bpluma",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"eclipsis"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "plumaí",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "pluma",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"altform": "",
"cat2": "",
"f1request": "1",
"f4request": "1",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "pluma m (genitive singular pluma, nominative plural plumaí)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "~",
"3": "~í"
},
"expansion": "pluma m (genitive singular pluma, nominative plural plumaí)",
"name": "ga-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "ga-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plumb (of plumb-line), plummet"
],
"id": "en-pluma-ga-noun-d~MLke-o",
"links": [
[
"plumb",
"plumb"
],
[
"plummet",
"plummet"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpˠl̪ˠumˠə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpˠlˠumˠə/"
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dēplūmis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "implūmis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plūmācium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plūmārius"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plūmātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plūmēscō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plūmeus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plūmiger"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plūmipēs"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plūmō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plūmōsus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plūmula"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "replūmis"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "piómma"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "piuma"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "chiuma"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "piuma"
}
],
"lang": "Italo-Dalmatian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "plume"
}
],
"lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "ploma"
},
{
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "plume"
}
],
"lang": "Northern",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "ploma"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "pluma"
}
],
"lang": "Southern",
"lang_code": "sdh"
}
],
"lang": "Gallo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pluma"
},
{
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "פלומה"
},
{
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "clúm"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*plʉβ̃"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*plūmu"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pluma"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pluma"
}
],
"lang": "Borrowings",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*plouksmā<ety:inh<ine-pro:<alt:*plewk-smeh₂><ety:der<*plewk-<id:fly><t:to fly>>>>>",
"id": "feather",
"text": "++",
"title": "plūma",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *plew-\nProto-Indo-European *plewk-der.\nProto-Indo-European *plewk-smeh₂\nProto-Italic *plouksmā\nLatin plūma\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"fly\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"fly\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*plew-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*plewk-\", \"gloss\" : \"to fly\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*plouksmā\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"plūma\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"feather\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"plūma\" id=\"Latin:_feather\">\nInherited from Proto-Italic *plouksmā, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-smeh₂, from *plewk- (“to fly”), from *plew-.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "plùnksna",
"t": "feather"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian plùnksna (“feather”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *plew-\nProto-Indo-European *plewk-der.\nProto-Indo-European *plewk-smeh₂\nProto-Italic *plouksmā\nLatin plūma\nInherited from Proto-Italic *plouksmā, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-smeh₂, from *plewk- (“to fly”), from *plew-. Cognate with Lithuanian plùnksna (“feather”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plūma",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmae",
"links": [
[
"plūmae",
"plumae"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "plūma",
"links": [
[
"plūma",
"pluma#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmae",
"links": [
[
"plūmae",
"plumae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmae",
"links": [
[
"plūmae",
"plumae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmārum",
"links": [
[
"plūmārum",
"plumarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmae",
"links": [
[
"plūmae",
"plumae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmīs",
"links": [
[
"plūmīs",
"plumis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmam",
"links": [
[
"plūmam",
"plumam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmās",
"links": [
[
"plūmās",
"plumas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmā",
"links": [
[
"plūmā",
"pluma#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmīs",
"links": [
[
"plūmīs",
"plumis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūma",
"links": [
[
"plūma",
"pluma#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmae",
"links": [
[
"plūmae",
"plumae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plūma<1>"
},
"expansion": "plūma f (genitive plūmae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plūma<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "38 15 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 15 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 11 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 37 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 15 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feather, plume"
],
"id": "en-pluma-la-noun-WfJhebBH",
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
],
[
"plume",
"plume"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "penna"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "38 15 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 15 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 11 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 37 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 15 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"metal scale of armor"
],
"id": "en-pluma-la-noun-3tpZxoGU",
"links": [
[
"scale",
"scale"
],
[
"armor",
"armor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) metal scale of armor"
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 37 12 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 37 12 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 15 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 15 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 4 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 11 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 37 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 15 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "23 BCE – 13 BCE, Horatius, Carmina 4.10.2",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beard-down"
],
"id": "en-pluma-la-noun-XwESR5Xm",
"links": [
[
"beard",
"beard"
],
[
"down",
"down"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɫuː.ma]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpluː.ma]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pap",
"2": "pt",
"3": "pluma"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese pluma",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pap",
"2": "es",
"3": "pluma"
},
"expansion": "Spanish pluma",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Portuguese pluma and Spanish pluma.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pap",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "pluma",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Papiamentu",
"lang_code": "pap",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"id": "en-pluma-pap-noun-tSEV6lU8",
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 89",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Papiamentu entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plume"
],
"id": "en-pluma-pap-noun-DvDEkEno",
"links": [
[
"plume",
"plume"
]
]
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "la",
"3": "plūma",
"t": "feather"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin plūma (“feather”)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pruma"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pruma",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin plūma (“feather”) (Latin pl- normally becomes ch- in inherited Portuguese); compare the semi-learned Old Galician-Portuguese pruma. See also chumaço, which was popularly inherited and underwent the usual sound changes.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plumas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pluma f (plural plumas)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"plu",
"ma"
]
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "plumaço"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "plumagem"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "plumão"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"plume (large and showy feather)"
],
"id": "en-pluma-pt-noun-zlraSwHr",
"links": [
[
"plume",
"plume"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pt",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "pt:Geology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "18 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"upwelling of molten material from the Earth's mantle (mantle plume)"
],
"id": "en-pluma-pt-noun-Sf454Yvz",
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"upwelling",
"upwelling"
],
[
"molten",
"molten"
],
[
"material",
"material"
],
[
"Earth",
"Earth"
],
[
"mantle",
"mantle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) upwelling of molten material from the Earth's mantle (mantle plume)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈplũ.mɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈplu.mɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q5146 (por)-MedK1-pluma.wav",
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"tags": [
"Brazil",
"Caipira"
]
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "al correr de la pluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "alumbre de pluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "buche y pluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "buchipluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "carne de pluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clavellina de pluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cortaplumas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dejar correr la pluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "desplumar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "escribir a vuela pluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gente de pluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "hacer a pelo y pluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "la pluma es más poderosa que la espada"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pasante de pluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pluma de agua"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pluma de gel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pluma de indio"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pluma en sangre"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pluma estilográfica"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
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},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumaje"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumero"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumífero"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "plumín"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
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}
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"etymology_text": "From Latin plūma (“feather”), taken as an early semi-learned term (Latin pl- normally becomes ll- in inherited Spanish), or it may have maintained a conservative pronunciation as it would have been in use by mainly the upper class. A popular evolution of the word may have once existed in pre-literary Spanish, as evidenced by the Old Spanish derivative llumazo (compare Portuguese chumaço; see also Spanish chumacera, borrowed from a related Portuguese term). Cognate to English plume.",
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],
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[
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[
"quill pen",
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"tags": [
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},
{
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{
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],
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[
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[
"fountain pen",
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],
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{
"word": "pluma estilográfica"
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],
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},
{
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{
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}
],
"glosses": [
"nib"
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"id": "en-pluma-es-noun-u7Kek8ya",
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[
"nib",
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]
],
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{
"word": "plumín"
},
{
"word": "plumilla"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mexican Spanish",
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},
{
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}
],
"glosses": [
"ballpoint pen"
],
"id": "en-pluma-es-noun-m6mRHjTk",
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[
"ballpoint pen",
"ballpoint pen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Mexico, US) ballpoint pen"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bolígrafo"
}
],
"tags": [
"Mexico",
"US",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 27 13 28 6 16 6",
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}
],
"glosses": [
"writer, penman"
],
"id": "en-pluma-es-noun-O0Uy~lql",
"links": [
[
"writer",
"writer"
],
[
"penman",
"penman"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) writer, penman"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "escritor"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Peninsular Spanish",
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"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"effeminacy"
],
"id": "en-pluma-es-noun-NSgtNRTo",
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[
"effeminacy",
"effeminacy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Spain, slang) effeminacy"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "afeminación"
},
{
"word": "afeminamiento"
},
{
"word": "ramalazo"
}
],
"tags": [
"Spain",
"feminine",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpluma/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈplu.ma]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uma"
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
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{
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},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Spanish\", \"term\" : \"pluma\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"es\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Tagalog\", \"term\" : \"pluma\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"tl\" }\" data-lang=\"tl\" data-title=\"pluma\">\nBorrowed from Spanish pluma.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish pluma.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᜉ᜔ᜎᜓᜋ",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
}
],
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{
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"b": "+"
},
"expansion": "pluma (Baybayin spelling ᜉ᜔ᜎᜓᜋ)",
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"plu‧ma"
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{
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],
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{
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],
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{
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"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
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"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
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],
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}
{
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{
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],
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{
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"canonical",
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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{
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[
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],
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}
],
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{
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],
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{
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}
],
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{
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[
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],
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}
],
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{
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{
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{
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],
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{
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{
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{
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"name": "dbt"
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],
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{
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"tags": [
"plural"
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}
],
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"Pages with entries",
"en:Zoology"
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"A feather."
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[
"zoology",
"zoology"
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[
"feather",
"feather"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology, archaic) A feather."
],
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],
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"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
}
],
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}
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"French non-lemma forms",
"French verb forms",
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries"
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{
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],
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[
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],
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{
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],
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{
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],
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{
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{
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"t": "feather"
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}
],
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"ga:Fruits",
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"name": "ety"
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{
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{
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},
{
"args": {
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{
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"args": {
"1": "ga",
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},
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"name": "dbt"
}
],
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},
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"cat2": "",
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{
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],
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],
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{
"ipa": "/ˈpˠlˠumˠə/"
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],
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}
],
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},
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},
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},
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{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
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]
},
{
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"inflection-template"
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},
{
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]
},
{
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"plural"
]
},
{
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"genitive",
"singular"
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},
{
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"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "leis an bpluma",
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
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"table-tags"
]
},
{
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]
},
{
"form": "pluma",
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"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "phluma",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"lenition"
]
},
{
"form": "bpluma",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"eclipsis"
]
}
],
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},
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"name": "head"
},
{
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],
"lang": "Irish",
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"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"plumb (of plumb-line), plummet"
],
"links": [
[
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"plumb"
],
[
"plummet",
"plummet"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ˈpˠl̪ˠumˠə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpˠlˠumˠə/"
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Latin entries with etymology texts",
"Latin entries with etymology trees",
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"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *plew-",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *plewk-",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 12 entries",
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"Pages with etymology trees",
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"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dēplūmis"
},
{
"word": "implūmis"
},
{
"word": "plūmācium"
},
{
"word": "plūmārius"
},
{
"word": "plūmātus"
},
{
"word": "plūmēscō"
},
{
"word": "plūmeus"
},
{
"word": "plūmiger"
},
{
"word": "plūmipēs"
},
{
"word": "plūmō"
},
{
"word": "plūmōsus"
},
{
"word": "plūmula"
},
{
"word": "replūmis"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "piómma"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "piuma"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "chiuma"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "piuma"
}
],
"lang": "Italo-Dalmatian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "plume"
}
],
"lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "ploma"
},
{
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "plume"
}
],
"lang": "Northern",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "ploma"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "pluma"
}
],
"lang": "Southern",
"lang_code": "sdh"
}
],
"lang": "Gallo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pluma"
},
{
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "פלומה"
},
{
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "clúm"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*plʉβ̃"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*plūmu"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pluma"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pluma"
}
],
"lang": "Borrowings",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*plouksmā<ety:inh<ine-pro:<alt:*plewk-smeh₂><ety:der<*plewk-<id:fly><t:to fly>>>>>",
"id": "feather",
"text": "++",
"title": "plūma",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *plew-\nProto-Indo-European *plewk-der.\nProto-Indo-European *plewk-smeh₂\nProto-Italic *plouksmā\nLatin plūma\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"fly\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"fly\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*plew-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*plewk-\", \"gloss\" : \"to fly\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*plouksmā\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"plūma\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"feather\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"plūma\" id=\"Latin:_feather\">\nInherited from Proto-Italic *plouksmā, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-smeh₂, from *plewk- (“to fly”), from *plew-.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "plùnksna",
"t": "feather"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian plùnksna (“feather”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *plew-\nProto-Indo-European *plewk-der.\nProto-Indo-European *plewk-smeh₂\nProto-Italic *plouksmā\nLatin plūma\nInherited from Proto-Italic *plouksmā, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-smeh₂, from *plewk- (“to fly”), from *plew-. Cognate with Lithuanian plùnksna (“feather”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plūma",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmae",
"links": [
[
"plūmae",
"plumae"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "plūma",
"links": [
[
"plūma",
"pluma#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmae",
"links": [
[
"plūmae",
"plumae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmae",
"links": [
[
"plūmae",
"plumae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmārum",
"links": [
[
"plūmārum",
"plumarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmae",
"links": [
[
"plūmae",
"plumae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmīs",
"links": [
[
"plūmīs",
"plumis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmam",
"links": [
[
"plūmam",
"plumam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmās",
"links": [
[
"plūmās",
"plumas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmā",
"links": [
[
"plūmā",
"pluma#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmīs",
"links": [
[
"plūmīs",
"plumis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūma",
"links": [
[
"plūma",
"pluma#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmae",
"links": [
[
"plūmae",
"plumae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plūma<1>"
},
"expansion": "plūma f (genitive plūmae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plūma<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"feather, plume"
],
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
],
[
"plume",
"plume"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "penna"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"metal scale of armor"
],
"links": [
[
"scale",
"scale"
],
[
"armor",
"armor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) metal scale of armor"
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "23 BCE – 13 BCE, Horatius, Carmina 4.10.2",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beard-down"
],
"links": [
[
"beard",
"beard"
],
[
"down",
"down"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɫuː.ma]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpluː.ma]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "pluim"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "plūme"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*plūmu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *plūmu",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *plūmu. Which is a borrowing from Latin plūma (“feather, plume”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plūma",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "odt-decl-noun-o",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō/ōn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "plūma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmon",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmon",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmon",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmon",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmono",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmon",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "plūmon",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "*plūma",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "*plūma f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"head": "*plūma"
},
"expansion": "*plūma f",
"name": "odt-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plūm"
},
"name": "odt-decl-noun-o"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Old Dutch/pluma",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Dutch feminine nouns",
"Old Dutch lemmas",
"Old Dutch nouns",
"Old Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old Dutch ō/ōn-stem nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"feather, plume"
],
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
],
[
"plume",
"plume"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Papiamentu entries with incorrect language header",
"Papiamentu lemmas",
"Papiamentu nouns",
"Papiamentu terms derived from Portuguese",
"Papiamentu terms derived from Spanish"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pap",
"2": "pt",
"3": "pluma"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese pluma",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pap",
"2": "es",
"3": "pluma"
},
"expansion": "Spanish pluma",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Portuguese pluma and Spanish pluma.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pap",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "pluma",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Papiamentu",
"lang_code": "pap",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"plume"
],
"links": [
[
"plume",
"plume"
]
]
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Portuguese 2-syllable words",
"Portuguese countable nouns",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese feminine nouns",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese nouns",
"Portuguese terms borrowed from Latin",
"Portuguese terms derived from Latin",
"Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "la",
"3": "plūma",
"t": "feather"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin plūma (“feather”)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pruma"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pruma",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin plūma (“feather”) (Latin pl- normally becomes ch- in inherited Portuguese); compare the semi-learned Old Galician-Portuguese pruma. See also chumaço, which was popularly inherited and underwent the usual sound changes.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plumas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pluma f (plural plumas)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"plu",
"ma"
]
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "plumaço"
},
{
"word": "plumagem"
},
{
"word": "plumão"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"plume (large and showy feather)"
],
"links": [
[
"plume",
"plume"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"pt:Geology"
],
"glosses": [
"upwelling of molten material from the Earth's mantle (mantle plume)"
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"upwelling",
"upwelling"
],
[
"molten",
"molten"
],
[
"material",
"material"
],
[
"Earth",
"Earth"
],
[
"mantle",
"mantle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) upwelling of molten material from the Earth's mantle (mantle plume)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈplũ.mɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈplu.mɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q5146 (por)-MedK1-pluma.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-MedK1-pluma.wav/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-MedK1-pluma.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-MedK1-pluma.wav/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-MedK1-pluma.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Brazil",
"Caipira"
]
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Spanish/uma",
"Rhymes:Spanish/uma/2 syllables",
"Spanish 2-syllable words",
"Spanish countable nouns",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish feminine nouns",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish nouns",
"Spanish terms derived from Latin",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Spanish terms with audio pronunciation",
"es:Writing instruments"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "al correr de la pluma"
},
{
"word": "alumbre de pluma"
},
{
"word": "buche y pluma"
},
{
"word": "buchipluma"
},
{
"word": "carne de pluma"
},
{
"word": "clavellina de pluma"
},
{
"word": "cortaplumas"
},
{
"word": "dejar correr la pluma"
},
{
"word": "desplumar"
},
{
"word": "escribir a vuela pluma"
},
{
"word": "gente de pluma"
},
{
"word": "hacer a pelo y pluma"
},
{
"word": "la pluma es más poderosa que la espada"
},
{
"word": "pasante de pluma"
},
{
"word": "pluma de agua"
},
{
"word": "pluma de gel"
},
{
"word": "pluma de indio"
},
{
"word": "pluma en sangre"
},
{
"word": "pluma estilográfica"
},
{
"word": "pluma fuente"
},
{
"word": "plumaje"
},
{
"word": "plumero"
},
{
"word": "plumífero"
},
{
"word": "plumín"
},
{
"word": "plumón"
},
{
"word": "tener pluma"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "plūma",
"4": "",
"t": "feather"
},
"expansion": "Latin plūma (“feather”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "chumaço"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese chumaço",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "chumacera"
},
"expansion": "Spanish chumacera",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plume"
},
"expansion": "English plume",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin plūma (“feather”), taken as an early semi-learned term (Latin pl- normally becomes ll- in inherited Spanish), or it may have maintained a conservative pronunciation as it would have been in use by mainly the upper class. A popular evolution of the word may have once existed in pre-literary Spanish, as evidenced by the Old Spanish derivative llumazo (compare Portuguese chumaço; see also Spanish chumacera, borrowed from a related Portuguese term). Cognate to English plume.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "plumas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pluma f (plural plumas)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"plu‧ma"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"plu‧ma"
]
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"quill, quill pen"
],
"links": [
[
"quill",
"quill"
],
[
"quill pen",
"quill pen"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pen, fountain pen"
],
"links": [
[
"pen",
"pen"
],
[
"fountain pen",
"fountain pen"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pluma estilográfica"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"nib"
],
"links": [
[
"nib",
"nib"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "plumín"
},
{
"word": "plumilla"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Mexican Spanish",
"United States Spanish"
],
"glosses": [
"ballpoint pen"
],
"links": [
[
"ballpoint pen",
"ballpoint pen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Mexico, US) ballpoint pen"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bolígrafo"
}
],
"tags": [
"Mexico",
"US",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"writer, penman"
],
"links": [
[
"writer",
"writer"
],
[
"penman",
"penman"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) writer, penman"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "escritor"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Peninsular Spanish",
"Spanish slang"
],
"glosses": [
"effeminacy"
],
"links": [
[
"effeminacy",
"effeminacy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Spain, slang) effeminacy"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "afeminación"
},
{
"word": "afeminamiento"
},
{
"word": "ramalazo"
}
],
"tags": [
"Spain",
"feminine",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpluma/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈplu.ma]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uma"
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "es:pluma",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Spanish\", \"term\" : \"pluma\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"es\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Tagalog\", \"term\" : \"pluma\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"tl\" }\" data-lang=\"tl\" data-title=\"pluma\">\nBorrowed from Spanish pluma.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish pluma.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᜉ᜔ᜎᜓᜋ",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"b": "+"
},
"expansion": "pluma (Baybayin spelling ᜉ᜔ᜎᜓᜋ)",
"name": "tl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"plu‧ma"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"plu‧ma"
]
}
],
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bolpen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:Tagalog/uma",
"Rhymes:Tagalog/uma/2 syllables",
"Tagalog 2-syllable words",
"Tagalog entries referencing missing etymons",
"Tagalog entries with etymology texts",
"Tagalog entries with etymon",
"Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"Tagalog lemmas",
"Tagalog nouns",
"Tagalog terms borrowed from Spanish",
"Tagalog terms derived from Spanish",
"Tagalog terms with Baybayin script",
"Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with malumay pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries"
],
"glosses": [
"pen (any writing instrument that uses ink)"
],
"links": [
[
"pen",
"pen"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpluma/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpluː.mɐ]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-uma"
}
],
"word": "pluma"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pluma meaning in All languages combined (36.2kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/328",
"msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
"path": [
"pluma"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": "started on line 3, detected on line 8"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"pluma"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 8"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/328",
"msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
"path": [
"pluma"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 25"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"pluma"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": "started on line 1, detected on line 25"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"pluma"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/328",
"msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
"path": [
"pluma"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 21"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"pluma"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": "started on line 1, detected on line 21"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"pluma"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"pluma"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: pluma/Irish 'radical' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"pluma"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"pluma",
"Template:ety",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymon:main()"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 50628265<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 26 Aug 2026 08:55:07 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"pluma",
"Template:der",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:derived()"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 46205660<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 26 Aug 2026 08:56:02 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"pluma",
"Template:ety",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymon:main()"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 28393822<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 26 Aug 2026 08:56:58 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"pluma",
"Template:der",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:derived()"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "",
"title": "pluma",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 51480765<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 26 Aug 2026 08:57:53 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.